ARROW'S THESAURUS

	TT	Top Term
	BT	Broader Term	-  Indicates a 
		more general concept
	NT	Narrower Term  -  Indicates a 
		more specific concept
	RT	Related Term	-  Indicates a 
		concept that is closely related
	see	Suggest a term to use

ABANDONED CHILDREN
TT	Crime
BT	Child abuse
RT	Sexually abused child

ABORTION
	Termination of pregnancy; intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus by a number of techniques
BT		Reproductive health
NT		Abortion, illegal
	Abortion, traditional
	Abortion law
	Abortion policy
	Abortion services
	Antiabortion movement
 	Dilation and Curettage
	Menstrual regulation
	Prochoice movement
	RU-486
RT	Family planning
	Pregnancy

ABORTION, ILLEGAL
	Termination of pregnancy in jurisdictions where induced abortions are illegal or restricted by law
BT	Abortion

ABORTION CLINICS
	Refers to free-standing abortion clinics. For hospital-based abortion services
Use		ABORTION SERVICES
TT	Abortion
BT	Abortion services

ABORTION LAW
	Any  legislation or regulations concerning pregnancy termination
BT	Abortion

ABORTION POLICY
BT	Abortion

ABORTION SERVICES
BT	Abortion
NT	Abortion clinics
RT	Family planning programmes

ABORTION, TRADITIONAL
BT	Abortion

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
see	AIDS

ACUPRESSURE
BT	Alternative medicine

ACUPUNCTURE
	The Chinese practice of piercing  specific areas of the body along peripheral nerves with fine needles to relieve pain, to induce surgical anaesthesia, and for other therapeutic purposes
BT	Alternative medicine

ADDICTION
	Physical addiction to a substance  such that deprivation of it results in physiological withdrawal symptoms
BT	Social Problem
NT	Alcoholism
	Caffeinism
	Drug Addition
RT	Abuse

ADOLESCENCE
	Individuals who are between puberty and the completion of physical growth; roughly from 11 to 19 years of age
NT	Sexuality
RT	Adolescent pregnancy
	Juvenile delinquency
	Menarche
	Street children

ADOLESCENT HEALTH

ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY
	Pregnancy in girls between the ages of 11 and 19
BT	Reproductive behaviour
RT	Adolescence
	Pregnancy

ADOPTION
	Acceptance of a child as one's own by legal process
BT	Family
RT	Child custody
	Foster Family
	Parenting

AFGHANISTAN
TT	Asia
BT	West and Central Asia

AFRICA
BT	Developing countries
NT	Algeria
	Djibouti
	Egypt
	Ethiopia
	Kenya
	Uganda

AGEING
	A life-spanning process of growth and development  running from birth to death
NT	Menopause
	Osteoporosis
RT	Ageing population
	Ageism
	Alzheimer's disease
	Demography
	Estrogen replacement therapy
	Hormone replacement therapy
	Memory Loss
	Menopause
	Nursing Homes
	Population

AGEING POPULATION
	Continuing increase of elderly population both in absolute and in proportional terms in a given society
BT	Population dynamics
RT	Ageing

AGEISM
	Discrimination against older people on the basis of age. Used when the item being catalogued is about ageism, not necessarily when the cataloger detects an ageist perspective in the text
UF		Age Discrimination
BT		Oppression
RT	Ageing
	Elder Abuse

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
	Long-term increase in agricultural productivity
TT	Economic development
BT	Rural development
	Sectoral development
RT	Agriculture
	Agricultural workers

AGRICULTURAL WORKERS
	Persons employed in the agricultural sector
BT	Labour force
RT	Agricultural development

AGRICULTURE
	Science or art cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock
UF		Farming
BT	Macro economic factors
RT	Agricultural development
	Biotechnology
	Development
	Food Policy

AID
RT	Funders
	Government policy
	United Nations

AIDS
	An acquired immune deficiency syndrome, a serious and often fatal syndrome first identified in 1980 which caused by a virus  transmitted  in the blood, marked by severe loss of resistance to infection.  It involves  the total breakdown  of the human auto-immune system; this in  turn leaves the body open to infection and other problems, some of which may cause death
BT		Gynaecological disorders
		HIV infections
		Reproductive health
NT	AIDS programmes
	AIDS research
	AIDS treatment
RT		Reproductive tract infections
		Sex education
	STDs

AIDS EDUCATION
BT	Health Education
RT	HIV Counselling
	Sex Education

AIDS PROGRAMMES
BT	AIDS

AIDS RESEARCH
BT	AIDS

AIDS TREATMENT
BT	AIDS

AIDS Virus
see	HIV INFECTIONS

ALCOHOL 
UF 	Alcoholism
	Beer
	Liquor
	Wine
RT	Drugs
	Fatal Alcoholicism
	Substance Abuse
	Tobacco

ALCOHOL ABUSE
RT	Alcoholism consumption

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
	Consumption of alcoholic beverages
RT	Alcohol abuse
	Mental health
	Psychological health
	Women's health

ALGERIA
BT	Africa

ALTERNATIVE MEDIA
BT	Media

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
Use	NON-ALLOPATHIC THERAPIES

ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
	A serious disorder of the brain manifesting itself in premature senility
RT	Ageing

AMENORRHEA
 
Absence or abnormal cessation of the menses (menstrual flow)
BT	Menstruation disorders

AMNIOCENTESIS
	Extraction of amniotic fluid during pregnancy for diagnostic purposes
BT	Pregnancy

ANATOMY
	The branch of science dealing with the structure or organisms

ANNUAL REPORT
	Used only for documents that are reports prepared  annually about the activities of a ministry, department, programme or other institution or organisation

Annual Statistical Yearbooks
see	ANNUAL REPORT and
	POPULATION STATISTICS

ANOREXIA
	Lack or loss of appetite for food. A psychological illness especially for young women, characterized by an obsessive desire to lose weight by refusing to eat
BT	Eating problems
RT	Bulimia	

ANTHROPOLOGY
	The study of humankind, especially of its societies and customs.  May be used when the item being catalogued deals with an anthropological perspective. Not restricted to items about the field of  anthropology itself
BT		Social sciences

ANTIABORTION MOVEMENT
	Movements / groups opposed to legally available induced abortion
BT	Abortion
NT	Operation rescue
RT	Prochoice movement

ANXIETY
RT		Mental health

ARGENTINA
BT		Latin and Central America

ASIA
BT		Developing Countries
NT		East Asia
		Indo-China
		South Asia
		Southeast Asia
		West and Central Asia

AUSTRALIA
BT		Pacific and Oceania

BAHRAIN
TT		Asia
BT		West and Central Asia

BANGLADESH
TT		Asia
BT		South Asia

BARBADOS
BT		Latin and Central America

BARRIER METHODS
	Contraceptive methods which prevent the entry of spermatozoa into the uterus
TT		Contraception
BT		Contraceptive methods
NT		Cervical cap
	Condoms
  	Diaphragms
	Female condoms
	Spermicidal products
RT	Contraception research
	Family planning programmes
	Hormonal methods
	IUDs
	Surgical methods
	Traditional methods

BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE METHOD
	A method that uses the woman's basal body temperature to identify the infertile phase of the menstrual cycle after ovulation occurs.  This information is used to plan intercourse and abstinence so as to achieve or to avoid pregnancy
TT	Periodic sexual abstinence
BT	Fertility awareness
	Natural family planning

Battered Child
see		CHILD ABUSE

Battered women
see		WIFE AND PARTNER BATTERING

BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
Use	Fibrocystic breasts

BELIEFS
	A statement or body of statements held to be true by an individual or group
BT		Culture

BHUTAN
TT		Asia
BT		South Asia

BIBLIOGRAPHY
	Used for documents that contain a list of references with little in the way of descriptive information, may or may not be annotated

BIOGRAPHY

BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
	Factors such as fecundability, lactation, menarche, menopause, longevity, increasing life span, sex ratios, and sex selection as they affect populations

Birth Control
see	CONTRACEPTION  and
	FAMILY PLANNING

Birth Control Methods
see	CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS

Birth Control Policy
see	FAMILY PLANNING POLICY and
	POPULATION POLICY

BIRTH  ATTENDANTS
	Refers to people assisting at a birth in 
some kind of professional capacity, rather than friends and family
BT	Health workers
NT	Midwives
	Traditional Birth Attendants
RT	Birthing
	Childbirth 
	Obstetricians

BIRTH RATE
	Crude number of births per 1000 total population per year
NT	Fertility rate

Birthing
see	CHILD BIRTH

BODY IMAGE
UF	Beauty

BOLIVIA
BT	Latin and Central America

BOTTLE FEEDING
	Use of nursing bottles for feeding
TT	Child care
BT	Infant nutrition
RT	Breastfeeding

BRAZIL
BT	Latin and Central America

BREAST CANCER
	A malignant, cellular tumour of the breast
BT	Cancer
RT	Mammography screening

BREAST CONDITIONS
BT	Health conditions
NT	Breast calcifications
	Breast implants problems	
	Breast lumps
	Fibrocystic breast
RT	Breast Cancer
	Breast self examination
	Mammography

BREAST IMPLANTS
RT 	Cosmetics

BREAST IMPLANTS PROBLEMS
BT	Breast conditions
NT	Breast implants leakage
	Capsular contrature

BREASTFEEDING
	The process of feeding from a mother's  breast
TT	Child care
BT	Infant nutrition
	Contraceptive methods
NT	Breastfeeding promotion
RT	Bottle feeding

BREASTFEEDING PROMOTION
 BT	Breastfeeding

BREECH BIRTH
	Delivery of a baby with the buttocks or feet foremost
BT	Child birth

Britain
see	UNITED KINGDOM

BROADCAST MEDIA
	Means of mass communication by transmission of audio and/or visual signs
BT	Mass media

BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
TT	Asia
BT	Southeast Asia

BUDDHISM
	A widespread Asian religion or philosophy, founded by Gautama Buddha in India
BT	Religion

BULIMIA
	(Bulimia nervosa) Insatiable overeating.  An emotional disorder in which bouts of extreme overeating are followed by depression and self-induced vomiting, purging or fasting
BT	Eating problems

Burma
see	MYANMAR or
	SOUTHEAST ASIA

CAESAREAN BIRTH
	An operation for delivering a child by cutting through the wall of the abdomen
BT 	Child birth

CALENDAR RHYTHM METHOD
	A family planning method involving numerical calculations based on previous menstrual cycle
TT	Periodic sexual abstinence
BT	Fertility awareness
	Natural family planning

Cambodia
see	KAMPUCHEA

CANADA
BT	North America

CANCER
	A malignant  new growth or tumour from an abnormal and uncontrolled division of body cells
 
NT	Breast cancer
	Cervical cancer
	Endometrial cancer
	Leukaemia
	Lung cancer
	Ovarian cancer
	Pelvic cancer
	Vaginal cancer
RT	Cancer research
	Cancer treatment
	Smoking

CANCER RESEARCH
RT	Cancer

CANCER TREATMENT
RT	Cancer

CAPITAL
	Stock of goods and money for use in further production
BT	Economic factors

CASE HISTORY
	Includes forms for case histories, organisation of forms, actual histories
TT	Research methodology
BT	Data collection
RT	Case study

CASE STUDY
	Detailed analysis of single units, such as persons or institutions, which emphasise the unit's development in relation to its environment
TT	Research Methodology
BT	Data collection
RT	Case history
	Pilot projects
	Prospective studies
	Retrospective studies

CATHOLICISM
	The faith, practice or system of the Roman Catholic Church
TT	Religion
BT	Christianity

CD-ROM
BT	Information processing

CENSUS
	A canvass of a given area, resulting in an enumeration of the entire population, and the compilation of demographic, social and economic information pertaining to that population at a specific time.  Used for actual censuses
BT	Population statistics

 CERVICAL CANCER
	A malignant, cellular tumour of the cervix uteri
BT	Cancer
RT	Pap Smear
	Reproductive tract infections
	STDs

CERVICAL CAP
	A contraceptive device of metal, plastic or rubber placed on the cervix
TT	Contraceptive methods
BT	Barrier methods

CERVICAL DYSPLASIA
BT	Gynaecological disorders

CERVICAL MUCUS OR OVULATION METHOD
	A contraceptive method based on the recognition and interpretation of cyclic changes in cervical mucus that occur in response to changing estrogens levels
TT	Periodic sexual abstinence
BT	Fertility awareness
	Natural family planning

CHILD ABUSE
	Physically harmful treatment of a child
TT	Crime
BT	Domestic violence
NT	Sexually abused children
	Abandoned children
RT	Female infanticide
	Infanticide
	Incest
	Violence against women

Child bearing
see	PREGNANCY

CHILD BIRTH
	The process of labour and delivery
NT	Breech birth
	Caesarean birth
	Forceps birth
	Home birth
RT	Traditional birth attendants

CHILD CARE
	The supervision and management of children - covers the various activities aimed at improving the conditions of children in society
UF		Babysitting
NT	Child care centres
	Child custody
	Infant nutrition
RT	Child development
	Infant care
	Babysitters
	Day care
	Parenting

CHILD CARE CENTRES
BT	Child care

CHILD CUSTODY
	Immediate change and control of a child  or children, usually by a divorced or separated parent
BT	Child care
RT	Adoption
	Divorce
	Family
	Family law
	Marriage

CHILD DEVELOPMENT
	Continuous, sequential, physiological and psychological maturing of the child from birth through  puberty
RT	Child care

CHILD HEALTH
	The physical, mental and social well-being of a child
BT	Health
RT	Maternal-child health 
	Child Mortality
	Smoking

CHILD LABOUR
	Children employed for pay or profit
BT	Labour force

CHILD MORTALITY
	Deaths of children between the ages of one year and puberty
BT	Mortality
RT	Child mortality
	Maternal health

CHILDREN
BT	Population Groups

CHILE
BT	Latin and Central America

CHINA
	People's Republic of China
TT	Asia
BT	East Asia

CHLAMYDIA INFECTIONS
	A STD caused by the bacterium called "Chlamydia trachomatis" micro- organism, responsible for a variety of infections in women, including cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix), Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases, endometritis and infertility as well as dangerous complications during pregnancy and child birth. It is transmitted during vaginal or anal sex with someone who has the infection. Also be passed by a hand moistened with infected secretions to the eye, and from mother to baby during delivery
BT	STDs
RT	Pregnancy complications

CHRISTIANITY
	The religion derived from Jesus Christ, based on the Bible as scripture
BT	Religion
NT	Catholicism

CIRCUMCISION
	Refers to the surgical removal of the loose fold of skin or the foreskin
NT	Female circumcision
	Male circumcision

Civil Rights
see	HUMAN RIGHTS or
	WOMEN'S RIGHTS

COITUS INTERRUPTUS
	Withdrawal before ejaculation as a method of contraception
TT	Contraceptive methods
BT	Traditional methods

COLOMBIA
BT	Latin and Central America

COMMUNICATION
	A formal and non-formal effort to exchange or transmit ideas, attitudes, or beliefs between individuals or groups
NT	Media

Compact Disc - Read Only Memory
see	CD-ROM

COMPLICATIONS
	Used with diseases, devices or surgical procedures to indicate conditions following or existing as a complication of the diseases, procedures or devices.  Used as a secondary descriptor

COMPUTER PROGRAMMES AND PROGRAMMING
	A logical sequence of instructions to direct the actions of a computer system (software)
BT	Information processing
NT	Databases

COMPUTERS
	Electronic machines that perform high speed tasks such as logical calculation and word processing
BT	Information processing
NT	Microcomputers

CONDOMS
TT	Contraceptive methods
BT	Barrier methods
NT	Female condoms
	Male condoms

CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES
	Used when the whole document cited is a conference proceeding or when a document is discussing a congress or conference.  Used as a secondary descriptor

CONFUCIANISM
BT	Religion

CONSUMERISM
	The protection or promotion of consumers' interests in relation to the producer
NT	Consumer power
	Consumer protection
RT	Consumer behavior
	Consumers

CONTRACEPTION
	The use of all methods of conception prevention by individuals  in order to have the number of children they want, when and if they want them
BT		Reproductive health
NT	Contraceptive availability
	Contraceptive effectiveness
	Contraceptive methods
	Contraceptive research
	Contraceptive usage
	Family planning
	Female contraception
	Male contraception
	Sterilization

CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY
	The presence or absence of readily obtainable family planning supplies
BT	Contraception

CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS
	The degree to which a contraceptive reduces the monthly probability of conception
BT	Contraception
RT	Contraceptive methods

CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS
	All methods of contraception; both modern and traditional
BT	Contraception
NT	Barrier methods
	Breastfeeding
	Hormonal methods
	Immunological contraceptives
	IUDs
	Surgical methods
	Traditional methods	
RT	Contraceptive effectiveness
	Contraceptive research

CONTRACEPTIVE RESEARCH
	Research on contraceptive technologies
BT	Contraception
	Health research
RT	Barrier methods
	Contraceptive methods
	Contraceptive technology
	Research and development

 CONTRACEPTIVE TECHNOLOGY
RT	Contraceptive research

CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE
	Use of contraceptive methods by individuals or by groups of individuals
BT	Contraception
RT	Fertility rate

CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES
BT	Vaccines

CONVENTIONS AND TREATRIES

COSMETICS
	Method of changing appearance.  It can be an aid for performances of various kinds
RT	Breast implants

COSTA RICA
BT	Latin and Central America

COUNSELLING
BT	Guidance
NT	Abortion counselling
	Contraceptive counselling
	Educational counselling
	Genetics counselling
	Infertility counselling
	Marriage counselling
	Pregnancy counselling

COUNTRY PROFILES

CREDIT SCHEME
RT	Economic development
	Income generation programmes
	Work and women

CRIME
	A serious offence against the public law
NT	Child abuse
	Domestic violence
	Homicide
	Incest
	Infanticide
	Rape
	Sexual harassment
	Trafficking of women
	Violence against women

CRISIS CENTRES
BT	Social services
NT	Rape crisis centres

CRITIQUES
	Used when a document is a critical comment on some problem or subject
RT	Development
	Family planning programmes
	Population policy

CUBA
BT	Latin and Central America

CULTURE
	The complete pattern of human social behaviour including knowledge, beliefs, art morals, laws and customs
NT	Beliefs
	Folklore
	Taboo

CYTOLOGY
	The study of cells, their origin, structure, function, and pathology
RT	Pap smear

D & C
see	DILATION AND CURETTAGE

DATA COLLECTION
	Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records and electronic devices
BT	Research methodology
NT	Case history
	Case study
	Focus groups
	Follow-up studies
	Interviews
	Longitudinal studies
	Pilot projects
	Prospective studies
	Retrospective studies

DATABASES
	Structured sets of data held in a computer, especially one that is accessible in various ways
BT 	Computers programmes and 	
	programming

Delivery
see	CHILD BIRTH

DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
	Births, deaths, migrations and other demographic parameters
BT	Population
NT	Population characteristics
	Population dynamics
RT	Demography

DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS
	A canvassing to obtain data on the size, distribution, characteristics, and dynamics of a population
BT	Population dynamics
RT	Fertility surveys

DEMOGRAPHY
	Science and practice dealing with the statistical and mathematical analysis of the size, composition, and spatial distribution of human populations, and of the causes and consequences of changes in fertility, mortality, marriage and migration
BT	Social sciences
RT	Ageing
	Demographic factors
	Population

DEPO-PROVERA
	An injectable contraceptive (hormonal) method which surpresses  ovulation.  The effects are mentioned can include permanent infertility, irregular bleeding, and possible cancer
TT	Hormonal methods
BT	Injectable contraceptives

Depo medroxprogestrone
acetate
see DMPA

DEPRESSION
	A mental state characterised by dejection, lack of hope, absence of cheerfulness
RT	Mental health

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
	Poor countries that are developing better economic and social conditions
NT	Africa
	Asia
	Latin and Central America
	Pacific and Oceania
RT	Development
	Economic development

DEVELOPMENT
	A term used frequently to describe the changes in developing countries
NT	Economic development
	Gender and development
	International development
	Social development
	Women in development
RT	Critiques
	Developing countries
	Development policy

DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
	Planning for economic, social, and technological development
BT	Development policy
NT	Development plans
RT	Gender planning and implementation

DEVELOPMENT PLANS
BT	Development planning
NT	Women in development plans

DEVELOPMENT POLICY
	Governmental attempt to obtain optimum economic and social growth or change through the formulation of policy to accomplish specific goals and objectives
BT 	Government policy
	Policy
NT	Development planning
	National women's policy
RT	Development
	Economic development
 	Social development

DEVELOPMENT THEORIES
NT	Feminist theories
	Gender and development theories
	Women in development theories

DIAPHRAGMS
	Rubber devices, in varying sizes, inserted into vagina to cover cervix and form a barrier between uterine opening and sperm
TT	Contraceptive methods
BT	Barrier methods

DILATION AND CURETTAGE
	A procedure in which the cervix  is dilated and the lining of the uterus is scraped with a spoon-like instrument known as curette
BT	Abortion

DIRECTORY
	Used for documents that list members' names and addresses or addresses of available services

DISABILITY
	Temporary or permanent incapacity for work resulting from a pathological condition

DISCRIMINATION
	Differential treatment by exclusion or assignment to a lower social status  because of race, sex, ethnic origin, religion or socioeconomic status
NT	Sex discrimination
RT	Equal rights

DISEASE
	An abdominal condition of an organism or part, especially as a consequence of infection or environmental stress
BT	Health
RT	Health care
	Health conditions

DIVORCE
	A complete, legal breaking up of a marriage
BT	Family
RT	Child custody
	Family law
	Female-headed household
	Marriage
	Separation

DJIBOUTI
BT	Africa

DMPA
	"Depo medroxyprogesterone acetate" - (a microcrystalline suspension) an injectable contraceptive method for the prevention of premature labour and for the treatment of threatened abortion, endometriosis and endometrial carnicoma
TT	Hormonal methods
BT	Injectable contraceptives

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
BT	Crime
	Violence against women
NT	Child abuse
	Domestic violence act
	Wife and partner battering
RT	Family violence
	Infanticide
	Rape
	Sexual abuse
	Sexual harassment

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT
BT	Domestic violence
RT	Family law

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
BT	Latin and Central America

Drugs
see	PHARMACEUTICALS

DYSMENORRHEA
	Painful or difficult menstruation, either primary or secondary
BT	Menstruation disorders

E-mail
see	ELECTRONIC MAIL

EAST ASIA
BT 	Asia
NT	China
	Hong Kong
	Japan
	Macau
	Mongolia
	North Korea
	South Korea
	Taiwan

EATING PROBLEMS
NT	Anorexia
	Bulimia
	Compulsive eatings
RT	Body image
	Dieting
	Mental health
	Weight consciouness

ECOLOGY
	Science and practice dealing with the interrelationships between population factors and their environments
BT	Environment

ECONOMIC ASPECTS

Economic characteristics
see	SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
	Existing state of economic  organisation and factors in a country  or area
BT	Macro economic factors
RT	Social conditions

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
	Growth or change resulting in increases in per capita income, agricultural production, foreign trade and level of industrialisation
BT	Development
NT	Sectoral development
	Women workers
RT	Credit scheme
	Developing countries
	Development policy
	Economic growth
	Economic policy
	Income generation programmes
	Social development

ECONOMIC FACTORS
	Economic aspects of an activity, country or person
NT	Capital
	Human resources
	Macro economic factors
	Marketing
	Micro economic factors
	Rural development
	Social planning
	Socioeconomic factors
	Standard of living
	Technology
RT	Social development

ECONOMIC GROWTH
	The increase in wealth of a country as measured by Gross National Product or Gross Domestic Product
RT	Economic development
	Economic policy

ECONOMIC POLICY
BT	Government policy
RT	Economic development
	Economic growth

ECONOMICS
	Science and practice dealing with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.  May be used when the item being catalogued deals with an economic perspective. Not restricted  to items  about the field of economics itself
BT	Social sciences	

ECUADOR
BT 	Latin and Central America

EDUCATION
	The process or course of learning, instruction or training that provides knowledge, skill and competence
BT	Socioeconomic factors
NT	Health education
	Literacy
	Non-formal education
	Population education
	Sex education
	Training programmes

EDUCATION AND WOMEN

EGYPT
BT	Africa

EL SALVADOR
BT	Latin and Central America

ELECTRONIC MAIL
BT	Information processing

EMPOWERMENT (FOR LEADERSHIP)

ENDOMETRIAL CANCER
	A malignant, cellular tumour of the endometrium
BT	Cancer

ENDOMETRIOSIS
	A condition in which the tissue lining the uterus  (womb) is found  in places other than  the uterus (sometimes known as pelvic endometriosis).  It can cause severe pain  for  a long period of time and can be extremely debilitating for women affected by it
BT	Gynaecological disorders

ENVIRONMENT
	All external conditions, biological and climatic, that influence a person or a group
NT	Ecology
	Environmental pollution
RT	Environmental health
	Environmental policy

ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
	Refers to the way the environment affects the health of people, as opposed to the health of the environment itself
BT	Health
RT	Environment
	Occupational Health

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
BT	Government policy
RT	Chemical sensitivities
	Environment

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
	Any risks to the physical environment, usually man-made
BT	Environment
RT	Urbanisation

EQUAL RIGHTS
RT	Discrimination
	Human rights
	Women's rights

ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY
	The treatment which uses an estrogens hormone  from outside the human body
BT		Hormones
RT	Ageing
	Hormone replacement therapy
	Menopause

ETHICS
UF	Morality
NT	Medical ethics
	Professional ethics
	Social ethics
RT	Moral values	

ETHIOPIA
BT	Africa

EUROPE
RT	Eastern Europe
	Western Europe
	Meditteranean countries

EVALUATION
NT	Needs assessment
	Project  evaluation
	Project appraisal
RT	Analysis

Excision
see	FEMALE CIRCUMCISION

FAMILIES
	Household structure and family composition, size and relationship
NT	Adoption
	Extended families
	Family characteristics
	Female-headed household
	Single parents
	Stepfamilies
RT	Households
	Kinship

FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS
	Size and composition of the family
BT	Families

FAMILY HEALTH
BT	Health

FAMILY LAW
BT	Law
RT	Abortion
	Adoption
	Child custody
	Divorce
	Domestic violence act
	Marriage

FAMILY PLANNING
	Voluntary planning and action by individuals to have the number of children they want, when and if they want them
TT	Reproductive health
 BT	Contraception
 NT	Family planning programmes
	Fertility control
RT	Abortion
	Family planning policy

FAMILY PLANNING POLICY
	Decisions and actions by public bodies to guide and usually determine present and future decisions about family planning services
BT	Population policy
RT	Family planning

FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMMES
	Organised activities including provision of contraceptives and family planning information, aimed at assisting individuals to have the number of children they want, when and if they want them
TT	Reproductive health
BT	Family planning
RT	Abortion services
	Barrier methods
	Critiques
	Government programmes
	Health programmes
	Population programmes

Family planning services
see	FAMILY PLANNING 
	PROGRAMMES

FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL
	The ideal family size to maintain, increase, or decrease population in a country or larger area
RT	Population size

Family violence
see	DOMESTIC VIOLENCE

FEMALE CIRCUMCISION
	The removal of all or part of the prepuce and, in the case of excision, the removal of the glans clitoridis or even the clitoris itself
BT	Circumcision
NT	Female/genital mutilation

FEMALE CONDOMS
	A blind-ending hollow tube which uses rings  to secure the device against the vulva and to aid in insertion in the vagina during intercourse
TT	Barrier methods
BT	Condoms

FEMALE CONTRACEPTION
	Used for general discussions of female contraception
BT	Contraception

FEMALE/GENITAL MUTILATION
BT	Female circumcision

FEMALE-HEADED HOUSEHOLD
BT	Family
RT	Divorce
	Marriage

FEMALE INFANTICIDE
	The killing of a female infant by violence or by neglect
TT	Crime
BT	Infanticide
RT	Child abuse

FEMALE STERILIZATION
	A procedure by which a female is made incapable of reproduction
TT	Surgical methods
BT	Sterilization
	Tubectomy, tubal ligation

FEMINISM
	A philosophy and struggle against patriarchy which aims to empower women to enable them to operate as, and acquire a full "citizenship" into society with equal rights  and equal access to resources. It also seeks to redefine the whole spectrum of politics, economics  and culture to incorporate women's experiences and hence a feminist perspective into the relevant conceptual frameworks. This redefining process, which largely relies upon feminist research methodologies is aimed  at the formulation of a feminist epistemology.  Although feminism attempts to cut across class, racial and other social divisions, and ideological differences has fictionalised the movement. Typically, they include liberal feminists, Marxist feminists, radical feminists, ecofeminists, etc.
RT	Feminist critiques
	Feminist movements
	Feminist theories
	Gender
	Sexism
	Women's rights
	Women's status

FEMINIST CRITIQUES
RT	Feminism
	Feminist movements
	Feminist theories
	Population control

FEMINIST MOVEMENTS
RT	Feminism
	Feminist critiques
	Feminist theories
	Non-governmental organizations
	Women's movements and 
	organisations

FEMINIST THEORIES
BT	Development theories
RT	Feminism
 	Feminist critiques
	Feminist movements
	Women in development theories

FERTILITY
	The reproductive performance of a group
BT	Population dynamics
NT	Fertility decline
	Reproductive behaviour
RT	Fertility control

FERTILITY AWARENESS
	Methods of planning or preventing pregnancy based on  observation of naturally occurring signs and symptoms of the fertile and infertile phases of the menstrual cycle (see also NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING)
TT	Traditional methods
BT	Periodic sexual abstinence
NT	Basal body temperature method
	Calendar rhythm method
	Cervical mucus or ovulation method
	Sympto-thermal method
RT	Natural family planning

FERTILITY CONTROL
BT	Family planning
RT	Fertility
	Population control
	Population policy

FERTILITY DECLINE
	Reduction in the number of births occurring in a population during a particular period of time
TT	Population
BT	Fertility
RT	Population decrease

FERTILITY RATE
	Number of births (usually per year) per 1000 women of childbearing age, usually 15-44
BT	Health indicators
RT	Birth rate
	Contraceptive usage
	Pregnancy rate

FERTILITY SURVEYS
	Surveys that assess the current state of human fertility in an area
BT	Population statistics
NT	World fertility surveys
RT	Demographic surveys

FIBROIDS
	A  fibrous, connective tissue tumour
BT	Gynaecological disorders

FIBROCYSTIC BREASTS
UF	Benign breast disease
	Fibrocystic disease
BT	Breast conditions

FIBROCYSTIC DISEASE
Use	Fibrocystic breasts

FOCUS GROUPS
	Qualitative research in the form of open-ended, non-judgemental discussion of predesign  topics by a small group drawn from a target  population to permit free expression of perceptions, opinions, attitudes and behaviour patterns
TT	Research methodology
BT	Data collection

Folk Media
see 	TRADITIONAL MEDIA

	
FOLKLORE
	Customs, beliefs, stories and sayings of a people handed down from generation  to generation
BT	Culture
RT	Customs
	Traditions

FOLLOW-UP STUDIES
	Studies that follow the same group of persons or households over time by means of repeated visits or other contacts
TT	Research methodology
BT	Data collection

FOOD AND NUTRITION
	A nutritious substance, especially solid in form, that can be taken to maintain life and growth
BT	Health
RT	Infant nutrition
NT	Nutrition programmes

FORCEPS  DELIVERY
	Giving birth through surgical operations by using a two-bladed instrument with a handle for compressing or grasping tissues
BT	Child birth

FUNDERS
RT	Aid
	United Nations

FUNGICIDES
BT	Pesticides

GENDER
	Essentially a feminist reorientation of the patriarchal normative, "sex" (as in male/female) where sex roles and identities  of individuals placed within a gender framework, defined as "socially constructed" and not natural
NT 	Gender and development
RT	Feminism
	Sexism
	Women's rights
	Women's status

GENDER ANALYSIS
Skills of analysing an organisation or programme to see men and women are differently affected.

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT
	An approach to development which incorporates a gender analysis with the primary  aim of visibilising  women's role in development (social,  economic and political) and to prevent their further marginalisation or exclusion owing to policies and  theories that are gender-blind
BT	Gender
	Development
NT	Gender equality
	Gender roles
RT	Gender planning and implementation
	Gender training
	Sex discrimination

GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES
BT	Development theories

GENDER EQUALITY
BT	Gender and development

GENDER PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION
RT	Development planning
	Gender and development

GENDER ROLES
BT	Gender and development
NT	Men's roles
	Women's roles
RT	Sex roles

Gender sensitization
see	GENDER TRAINING

GENDER STUDIES
Use	Women’s studies

GENDER TRAINING
RT 	Gender and development

GENDER VIOLENCE

GENETIC ENGINEERING
RT	Genetics

GENETICS
	The study of heredity. May be used when the item being catalogued deals with genetic issues or considerations.  Not restricted to items about the field of genetics itself
RT	Genetic  engineering
	Biotechnology

GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS
	Effect of region or type of surroundings on populations, e.g., urban surroundings versus rural
BT	Population
RT	Geography

GEOGRAPHY
	Study of the earth and its features and the distribution on the earth of life, including human life and the effects of human activity
BT 	Social sciences
RT	Geographic factors

GLOBALISATION

GONORRHEA
	A common sexually transmitted disease caused by the "gonococcus", a  bacterium shaped like a coffee bean, which works its way gradually along the warm, moist passageways of the genital and urinary organs and effects the cervix, urethra, anus and throat.  It can be transmitted through genital, genital-oral and genital-rectal sex.  A mother can pass it to her baby during delivery
BT	STDs

GOVERNMENT
	The administration of public in a political unit
BT	Political factors
NT	Regional government
RT	Government policy
	Government programmes
	Non-governmental organisations
	Public administration

GOVERNMENT POLICY
NT	Development policy
	Economic policy
	Environmental policy
	Health policy
	Labour policy
	Population policy
	Women in development policy
RT	Aid
	Government
	Government programmes
	International development
	Policy

GOVERNMENT PROGRAMMES
	Programmes authorised, designed, administered, or sponsored by government units or agencies
BT	Organisation and administration
NT	Women in development programmes
RT	Family planning programmes
	Government
	Government policy
	Health budget
	Health programmes

GYNAECOLOGICAL SURGERY
	Manual or operative procedures for any condition affecting the genital tract in women
NT	Hysterectomy
	Hysterotomy
RT	Gynaecology

GYNAECOLOGICAL DISORDERS
TT	Reproductive health
BT	Gynaecology
NT	AIDS
	Cervical dysplasia
	Endometriosis
	Fibroids
 	Ovarian cysts
	Reproductive tract infections
	STDs
RT	Infertility
	Urinary tract infections

GYNAECOLOGISTS
BT	Health workers
RT	Obstetricians

GYNAECOLOGY
	The science of the physiological functions and diseases of women especially those affecting the reproductive systems
NT	Gynaecological disorders
RT	Gynaecologic surgery
	Reproductive health

HEALTH
	The state of an organism with respect to functioning disease, and abnormality at any given time.  As defined in the Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) is "a state of complete physical, mental and social  well-being  and not merely  the absence of  disease or infirmity"
NT	Child health
	Disease
	Environmental health
	Food and nutrition
	Health care
	Health education
	Mental health
	Occupational health
	Women's health
RT	Health conditions
	Health hazards
	Health policy
	Health programmes
	Health workers

HEALTH ASPECTS

HEALTH BUDGET
RT	Government programmes
	Health care

HEALTH CARE
BT	Health
NT	Health facilities
	Primary health care
RT	Disease
	Health budget
	Health education
	Health programmes
	Health workers
	Maternal-child health services
	Quality of health care

HEALTH CONDITIONS
RT	Disease
	Health

HEALTH EDUCATION
	Education that increases awareness and favourably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis
BT	Education
	Health
RT	Health care
	Health programmes
	Pharmaceuticals
	Primary health care
	Sex education

HEALTH FACILITIES
	Institutions that provide medical or health-related services
TT	Health
BT	Health care
NT	Hospitals

HEALTH HAZARDS
BT	Occupational health
RT	Health
	Pesticides
	VDT use

HEALTH ORGANISATIONS
SN	Use a more specific term whenever possible
BT	Organisations
NT	Consumer health organisations
	Government health agencies
	International health organisations
	Nonprofit health organisations
	Professional health associations

Health personnel
see	HEALTH WORKERS

HEALTH POLICY
BT	Government policy
	Policy
RT	Health
	Health programmes
	Privatisation

HEALTH PROGRAMMES
	Organised programmes for the provision of health care delivery and medical treatment to individuals
NT	Primary health care
RT	Family planning programmes
	Government programmes
	Health
	Health education
	Health policy
	Non-government programmes

HEALTH RESEARCH
	Use when the item being catalogued refers to the field of health and medical research itself, not necessarily when the item is reporting the results or methodology of a particular research project
NT	Contraceptive research
 
HEALTH SERVICES
Use a more specific term whenever possible
NT	Childbirth services
	Emergency
	Hospice services
RT	Health and medical care
	Health insurance
	Quality of care

HEALTH WORKERS
	Individuals working in the health occupations
NT	Gynaecologists
	Midwives
	Nurses
	Obstetricians
	Traditional birth attendants
RT	Health
	Health care
	Primary health care
	Training programmes

HERBAL MEDICINE
BT	Alternative medicine

HERPES
	A sexually transmitted disease caused by the "herpes simplex virus", a tiny primitive organism whose nature is still more or less a mystery.  The virus enters the body through the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth and genitals, and travels along  the nerve endings to the base of the spine, where it sets up permanent residence, feeding off nutrients produced by the body cells.  It can spread through vaginal, anal or oral sex with an active infection partner, and from mouth to genitals (or eyes) via fingers
BT	STDs

HETEROSEXUALITY
	Sexual attraction between persons of the opposite sex
BT	Sexuality
RT	Homosexuality
	Lesbianism
	Sexual deviance

HINDUISM
	The dominant cultic religion of India
BT	Religion

HISTORY
	Used for the historical aspects of any subject.  Not restricted to items about the field of history itself.  Use as a secondary descriptor

HIV INFECTIONS
	Infections believed to be caused by the human immuno deficiency virus (HIV), e.g., AIDS
NT	AIDS
RT	STDs

HOMEBIRTH
BT	Child birth

 HOMEOPATHY
	Treatment of disease by minute doses of drugs that in a healthy  person would produce symptoms of the disease
BT	Alternative medicine

HOMICIDE
	Killing of one human being by another
BT	Crime
RT	Violence against women

HOMOSEXUALITY
	Sexual  attraction or relationship between members of the same sex
BT	Sexuality
RT	Heterosexuality
	Lesbianism

HONG KONG
TT	Asia
BT	East Asia

HORMONAL METHODS
BT	Contraceptive methods
NT	Implants
	Injectable contraceptives
	Oral contraceptives
RT	Barrier methods

HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY
	Drug therapy which supplies the body with estrogen and progesterone after menopause
RT	Ageing
	Estrogen replacement therapy
	Menopause
	Osteoporosis

HOSPITALS
	Institutions where the sick or injured are given medical or surgical care. Hospital programmes may include preventive medicine or family planning service delivery
TT	Health care
BT	Health facilities

HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION
	Household use of goods and services
BT	Micro economic factors

HOUSEWORK
	Provision of services within the home for the family
BT	Micro economic factors

HUMAN RESOURCES
	Actual or potential number of workers available at a given time
BT	Economic factors
NT	Labour force

 HUMAN RIGHTS
	The rights to which one is justly entitled as a human being
NT	Women's rights
RT	Equal rights
	Reproductive rights

HYSTERECTOMY
	The surgical removal of the cervix and uterus
BT	Gynaecological  surgery

HYSTEROTOMY
	Incision into the uterus, performed vaginally or transabdominally
BT	Gynaecological  surgery

Immigrants
see	MIGRANTS

IMMUNOLOGICAL CONTRACEPTIVES
NT	Vaccines

IMPLANTS
	Rods or capsules inserted under the skin
TT	Contraceptive methods
BT	Hormonal methods
NT	Norplant

INCEST
BT	Crime
RT	Child abuse

INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMMES
	Small scale programmes, usually for women's groups, to give additional income to participants. Payment is sometimes made in commodities
RT	Credit scheme
	Economic development

INDIA
TT	Asia
BT	South Asia

INDICATORS
NT	Economics
	Socio-economics
	Gender equality	

INDIGENOUS FAITHS
BT	Spirituality

INDO-CHINA
BT	Asia
NT	Kampuchea
	Laos
	Vietnam

INDONESIA
TT	Asia
BT	Southeast Asia

INFANT MORTALITY
	Death of children from birth to two years of age
 BT		Mortality
RT	Child mortality
	Infanticide
	Maternal health
	Pregnancy loss

INFANT NUTRITION
	Nutrition of children from birth to two years of age
BT	Child care
NT	Bottle feeding
	Breastfeeding
RT	Food and nutrition

INFANTICIDE
	The killing of an infant by violence or by neglect
BT	Crime
NT	Female infanticide
RT	Child abuse
	Domestic violence
	Infant mortality

INFERTILITY
	Inability or diminished ability to produce offspring; unproductivity
BT	Reproductive health
RT	Gynaecological disorders
	Pelvic inflammatory diseases
	Reproductive tract infections
	STDs

INFORMAL SECTORS

INFORMATION CENTRES
RT	Information Networks	Documentation Centres

INFORMATION PROCESSING
	Preparation, structuring, or manipulation of information or data
NT	Computer programmes and 				programming
	Computers
	Electronic mail
	CD-ROM

INJECTABLE CONTRACEPTIVES
	Hormonal contraceptive method using intramuscular injection
TT	Contraceptive methods
BT	Hormonal methods
NT	Depo-Provera
	DMPA
	NET-EN

INSECTICIDES
BT	Pesticides

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
RT	Public administration

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
BT	Development
RT	Government policy
	Poverty
	Structural adjustment

 INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
	The movement across an international boundary for the purpose of establishing a new permanent resident
BT	Migration
RT	Labour policy

INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
BT ORGANISATIONS

INTERNATIONAL UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCES
Use a more specific term whenever  possible

NT	Environment and Development 
( Rio de Janeiro 1992)
	Human Rights ( Vienna 1993)
International Conference on Population and Development (Cairo 1994)
4th World Conference on Women (Beijing)
International Conference on Population and Development + 5 (Hague 1998)

INTERVIEWS
	Conversations with an individual  held in order to obtain information
TT	Research methodology
BT	Data collection

Intrauterine Devices
see	IUDs

IRAN
TT	Asia
BT	West and Central Asia

IRAQ
TT	Asia
BT	West and Central Asia

ISLAM
	The religious faith of Muslims including belief in ALLAH as the sole deity and in Muhammad as HIS Prophet
BT	Religion
NT	Women in Islam
RT	Islamic law (shariah)

ISLAMIC LAW (SHARIAH)
BT	Law
RT	Islam

IUCD
see	IUDs

IUD, COPPER
	An IUD containing copper
TT	Contraceptive methods
BT	IUDs

IUD, HORMONE
	An IUD containing an active hormonal ingredient
TT	Contraceptive methods
BT	IUDs

IUD, UNMEDICATED
	An inert IUD
TT	Contraceptive methods
BT	IUDs

IUDs
	Pieces of plastic or metal having various shapes inserted into the  uterus to exert  a contraceptive effect
BT	Contraceptive methods
NT	IUD, copper
	IUD, hormone
	IUD, unmedicated
RT	Barrier methods

JAPAN
	Includes Ryukyu Islands
TT	Asia
BT	East Asia

JORDAN
TT	Asia
BT	West and Central Asia

JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
	Offences committed by a person or persons below the age of legal responsibility
BT	Social problems
RT	Adolescence

KAMPUCHEA
TT	Asia
BT	Indo-China

KENYA
BT 	Africa

LABOUR FORCE
	Persons employed for pay or profit plus persons who sought work but are currently unemployed
BT	Human resources
	Macro economic factors
NT	Agricultural workers
	Child labour
	Women migrant workers
	Women workers

LABOUR POLICY
BT	Government policy
RT	International migration

LAOS
TT	Asia
BT	Indo-China

LATIN AND CENTRAL AMERICA
	Spanish, Portuguese, or French speaking countries of America.  Prior to 1983, used for all of South and Central America and the Caribbean
NT	Argentina
	Barbados
	Bolivia
	Brazil
 	Chile
	Colombia
	Costa Rica
	Cuba
	Dominican Republic
	Ecuador
	El Salvador
	Mexico
	Nicaragua
	Paraguay
	Peru
	Puerto Rico
	Uruguay
	Venezuela

LAV
see	HIV INFECTIONS

LAW
	A rule enacted or customary in a community and recognized as enjoining or prohibiting certain actions and enforced by the imposition of penalties
NT	Family law
	Islamic law (shariah)
	Law and women

LAW AND WOMEN
BT	Law

LEADERSHIP
see Empowerment

Leaflets
see	PAMPHLETS

LEGAL ASPECTS
	Legal facets of subject.  Can be used as a secondary descriptor
RT	Polygyny

LEGISLATION
NT	Economic legislation
	Government law
	Policy

LESBIANISM
BT	Sexuality
RT	Heterosexuality
	Homosexuality

LITERACY
	Ability to read and write
BT	Education

LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
	Studies in which variables relating to an individual  or groups of individuals are assessed  over a period of time
TT	Research methodology
BT	Data collection

MACAU
TT	Asia
BT	East Asia

 MACRO ECONOMIC FACTORS
	Socioeconomic factors in terms  of whole systems (societies)
BT	Economic factors
NT	Agriculture
	Economic conditions
	Labour force

Magazines
see	NEWSLETTERS, PERIODICALS, ETC.

MALAYSIA
TT	Asia
BT	Southeast Asia

MALDIVES
TT	Asia
BT	South Asia

MALE CIRCUMCISION
	Removal of all or part  of the foreskin of the penis
BT	Circumcision

MALE CONDOMS
	Sheaths or cover for the penis; for use as a contraceptive or to prevent infection during sexual intercourse
BT	Condoms
RT	Male contraception

MALE CONTRACEPTION
	Contraception for males in general
BT	Contraception
RT	Male condoms
	Vasectomy

MALE STERILIZATION
	A procedure by which a male is made incapable of reproduction
BT	Sterilisation
NT	Vasectomy

MALNUTRITION
BT	Nutrition disorders
NT	Vitamin deficiency
RT	Hunger
	Poverty

MAMMOGRAPHY SCREENING
	Wide testing of a symptom-free population, including low-risk individuals, in an attempt to find latent or very early stage of breast problems, particularly cancer
RT	Breast cancer

Management
see	ORGANISATION AND 	ADMINISTRATION	

MANUALS
	Used for handbooks or guides giving directions or principles of a subject or discipline

MARKETING
	The commercial functions involved in transferring goods from producer to  consumer
BT	Economic factors

MARRIAGE
	The social institution involving legal and/or religious sanction whereby men and women are joined together
BT	Family
NT	Polygamy
RT	Child custody
	Divorce
	Family law
	Female-headed household
	Separation

MASS MEDIA
	Instruments or technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people with a common message; includes billboards, banners, posters, store windows and and match covers
TT 	Communication
BT	Media
NT	Broadcast media
	Print media
	Traditional media
RT	Media and women

MASSAGE
BT	Alternative medicine

MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES
	Health programmes concerned with physical, mental and social well-being of mothers and their children
BT	Primary health care
RT	Child health
	Health care
	Maternal health

MATERNAL HEALTH
	The physical, mental and social well-being of a pregnant woman / mother
BT	Health
NT	Maternal morbidity
	Maternal mortality
RT	Child birth
	Infant mortality
	Maternal-child health services
	Mother and child health
	Pregnancy
	Pregnancy complications

MATERNAL MORBIDITY
BT	Morbidity
RT	Maternal health

MATERNAL MORTALITY
	Maternal deaths resulting from complications of pregnancy and childbirth in a given population
BT	Mortality
RT	Child bearing
	Maternal health
	Maternal mortality rates
	Pregnancy

MATERNAL MORTALITY RATES
BT	Mortality rates
RT	Fertility rates
	Maternal mortality

MCH
see	MATERNAL – CHILD HEALTH SERVICES

MEDIA
	The main means of mass communication (especially newspapers and broadcasting) regarded collectively
BT	Communication
NT	Mass media
	Alternative media
RT	Media and women

MEDIA AND WOMEN
RT	Media

MEN'S ROLES
BT	 Sex roles

MENARCHE
	Beginning of the menstrual function
UF		Onset of menses
TT	Reproductive health
BT	Menstrual cycle
RT	Adolescence
	Sex education

MENOPAUSE
	Cessation of menstruation
BT	Menstrual cycle
	Reproductive health
NT	Early menopause
	Surgical menopause
RT	Ageing
	Estrogen replacement therapy
	Hormone replacement therapy
	Hot Flashes
	Osteoporosis
	Vaginal dryness

MENORRHAGIA
	Excessive bleeding at the time of a menstrual period, either in number of days or amount of blood or both
BT	Menstruation disorders

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
	The period in which an ovum matures, is ovulated, and enters the uterine lumen via the fallopian tubes
TT	Reproductive health
NT	Menarche
	Menstruation
	Menopause
	Ovulation
	Pre-menstruation

MENSTRUATION
	The cyclic, endometrial shedding and discharge of blood from the non pregnant uterus, occurring usually at approximately four-week intervals during the female reproductive period
 BT	Reproductive health
 NT	Menarche
	Menstrual cycle

MENSTRUATION DISORDERS
	Upsets in the normal menstrual process of periodic  discharge of the lining of the uterus
NT	Amenorrhea
	Dysmenorrhea
	Menorrhagia
	Premenstrual tension

MENTAL HEALTH
	Emotional, behavioural and social maturity; the absence of mental or behavioural disorder
BT	Health
NT	Stress
RT	Alcohol consumption
	Anxiety
	Depression
	Eating disorders
	Psychological health

MEXICO
BT	Latin and Central America

MICRO ECONOMIC FACTORS
	Socioeconomic factors in terms of individual areas of activity; e.g., household
BT	Economic factors
NT	Household consumption
	Housework

MICROCOMPUTERS
	Very small computers or microprocessors
BT	Computers

MIDWIVES
	Women who assist at child birth but who are not physicians; includes traditional birth attendants
BT	Health workers
RT	Nurses
	Obstetricians
	Traditional birth attendants

MIGRANTS
	Individuals who make relatively permanent changes of residence from one country or region within a country, to another
UF		Emmigrants
		Immigrants
BT	Migration
RT	Women migrant workers
	Refugees

MIGRATION
	Movements of individuals or populations
BT	Population dynamics
NT	International migration
 	Migrants
	Migration, internal
	Rural-urban migration

MIGRATION, INTERNAL
	Movement of individual populations within a country
BT	Migration
RT	Rural-urban migration

Miscarriage
see	ABORTION

Mithuri
see	CONDOM

MONGOLIA
TT	Asia
BT	East Asia

MORBIDITY
	The rate of sickness in a population
RT	Maternal morbidity

MORTALITY
	The number of deaths in a population, including overall mortality and comparisons of several types or mortality
BT	Population dynamics
NT	Child mortality
	Infant mortality
	Maternal mortality
	Mortality rates

MORTALITY RATES
	Number of deaths per 1000  people, usually per year
UF		Death rates
BT	Health status
	Mortality
NT	Infant nortality rates
	Maternal mortality rates
RT	Life expectancy
	Morbidity rates

Muslim
see	ISLAM

MYANMAR
TT	Asia
BT	Southeast Asia

Natality
see	FERTILITY

NATIONAL ACTION PLANS
RT	Women’s Development (Post-Beijing)
	Population and Development
	(Post-ICPD)

NATIONAL WOMEN POLICY
BT	Development policy

NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING
	Methods of family planning that are based on the identification of individual signs and symptoms of fertility and sexual abstinence during the fertile period (see also FERTILITY AWARENESS)
TT	Traditional methods
BT	Periodic sexual abstinence
 NT	Basal body temperature
	Calendar rhythm method
	Cervical mucus or ovulation method
	Sympto-thermal method
RT	Fertility awareness

NATUROPATHY
	The treatment of disease without drugs, usually involving diet, exercise, massage, etc.
BT	Alternative medicine

NEPAL
TT	Asia
BT	South Asia

NET-EN
	"Norethisterone enantate" - an oily solution of hormonal methods
TT	Hormonal methods
BT	Injectable contraceptives

NEW ZEALAND
TT	Developing countries
BT	Pacific and Oceania

NEWSLETTERS, PERIODICALS, ETC.
	Newsletters / periodicals containing pieces (e.g., articles, stories, poems) often illustrated

NICARAGUA
BT	Latin and Central America

NON-ALLOPATHIC THERAPIES
UF	Alternative medicine
	Holistic health care
	Natural medicine
	Traditional remedies
BT	Theraupatic procedures
NT	Acunputure
	Alexander technique
	Biofeedback
	Chiropractic 
	Hair analysis
	Herbal theraphy
	Homeopathic remedies
	Meditation
	Tai-chi
	Touch theraphy
	Visualisation
	Yoga

NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
	Activities or programmes organised outside the established educational systems but directed towards definite educational objectives
BT	Education

NON-GOVERNMENT PROGRAMMES
RT	Health programmes

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
RT	Feminist movements
	Women's movements and
	 organisations

NORPLANT
	A  hormonal contraceptive implant, introduced by Population Council, made of soft rubber-like material.  It is said as an effective, long lasting, reversible new method, which are inserted just under the skin of a women's upper  arm.  The six thin, flexible capsules contain a synthetic hormone, levonorgestrel, that is also used in combination oral contraceptives
TT	Hormonal methods
BT	Depo provera 
	NET-EN

NORTH AMERICA
NT	Canada
	United States

NORTH KOREA
TT	Asia
BT	East Asia

NURSES
	Individuals who are especially prepared in the scientific basis of nursing and who meet certain  prescribed  standards of education and clinical competence
BT	Health workers
RT	Midwives

NUTRITION PROGRAMMES
	Organised activities to supplement the nutrition of human populations
BT	Food and nutrition
RT	Maternal-child health services
	Maternal health
	Primary health care

OBSTERICAL CARE
TT	Health care
BT	Maternal Health
RT	Childbirth
	Pregnancy	

OBSTETRICIANS
BT	Health workers
RT	Gynaecologists
	Midwives

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
BT	Health
NT	Health hazards
	Pesticides

OPERATION RESCUE
BT	Antiabortion movement

OPTIMUM POPULATION
	Population size at which a population as a whole enjoys the highest quality of life
BT	Population size

ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
	Chemical substances with contraceptive activity administered orally
TT	Contraceptive methods
BT	Hormonal methods
NT	Oral contraceptives, combined
	Oral contraceptives, low-dose

ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED
	A progestin administered in combination with an estrogen
TT	Hormonal methods
BT	Oral contraceptives

ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE
	Contain less than 50 mcg estrogen
TT	Hormonal methods
 BT	Oral contraceptives

ORGANISATION AND ADMINISTRATION
	Management of organisations or services in general
NT	Government programmes
RT	Organisational change
	Organisational evaluation
	Personnel development
	Personnel management

ORGANISATIONAL EVALUATION
RT	Organisation and administration

OSTEOPOROSIS
	A condition  in which bones become thin, fragile and highly prone to fracture
BT	Ageing
RT	Hormone replacement therapy
	Menopause
	Musculoskeletal diseases 

OVARIAN CANCER
	A malignant, cellular tumour of the ovary
BT	Cancer

OVARIAN CYSTS
	A cystic tumor of the ovary either benign or malignant
BT	Gynaecological disorders

PACIFIC AND OCEANIA
BT	Developing countries
NT	Australia
	New Zealand
	Papua New Guinea

PAKISTAN
TT	Asia
BT	South Asia

PALESTINE
BT	West and Central Asia

PAMPHLETS
	Unbound, non-periodical publications

PAP SMEAR
RT	Cervical cancer
	Cytology

PAPUA NEW GUINEA
BT	Pacific and Oceania

PARAGUAY
BT	Latin and Central America

PARENTING
RT	Adoption
	Childcare
	Family
	Parenting

PARTNERSHIP
NT	Government relationship
	Non-government relationship

PELVIC CANCER
BT	Cancer

PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
	Consists of infections of the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. It can cause severe inflammation and scarring of the fallopian tubes and ovaries, and damage increases with the severity inflammation
RT	Infertility
	Reproductive tract infections

PERIODIC SEXUAL ABSTINENCE
TT	Contraceptive methods
BT	Traditional methods
NT	Fertility awareness
	Natural family planning

Periodicals
see	NEWSLETTERS, PERIODICALS, ETC.

PERSONNEL APPRAISAL
RT	Personnel management

PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT
	The phase of management which deals with all aspects of the relations between the employer and individual employees, the object of which is to build an efficient work force to ensure the maximum development of the individuals within the organisation
BT	Management
NT	Employment termination
	Retrenchment
RT	Employment
	Manpower needs
	Working conditions	

PERU
BT	Latin and Central America

PEST CONTROL
RT	Pesticides

PESTICIDES
BT 	Occupational health
NT	Fungicides
	Insecticides
	VDT use
RT	Health hazards
	Pest control

PHARMACEUTICALS
	Any substance, other than food, used in the prevention, diagnosis, alleviation, treatment or cure of disease in man and animal
RT	Consumerism
	Health education
	Privatisation
	Quality of health care

PHILIPPINES
TT 	Asia
BT	Southeast Asia

PHYSIOLOGY
	The function of a living organism and its parts

PIDs
see	PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASES

Pill (the)
see	ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES

PILOT PROJECTS
	Sample studies to test validity of a project or research plan
BT	Data collection
RT	Case study

POLICY
	A definite course or method of action selected to guide and determine present and future decisions
NT	Development policy
	Health policy
	Women in development policy
RT	Government policy

POLITICAL ASPECTS
RT	Politics

POLITICAL FACTORS
	Activities concerned with governmental policies and functions and competition among interest groups to influence those activities
NT	Government

POLITICAL SCIENCE
BT	Social sciences

POLITICS
	Use in connection with political life as a whole
RT	Politics and women
	Political aspects

POLITICS AND WOMEN
RT	Politics

Pollution
see	ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

POLYGAMY
	Simultaneous plural marriage
TT	Family
BT	Marriage
NT	Polygyny

POLYGYNY
	The practice of having more than one wife or female mate at one time
TT	Marriage
BT	Concubinage
RT	Polygamy
	Wives

POPULATION
	Inhabitants of a given area; also the size, structure, and development of human populations
NT	Demographic factors
 	Geographic factors
RT	Ageing
	Demography
	Migration
	Population characteristics
	Population growth
	Population policy
	Population surveys

POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Interaction of development factors with population variables

POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS
	Structure of a population; various social and biological groups into which members of a population may be classified
BT	Demographic factors
NT	Indigenous population
	Rural population
	Sex factors
	Urban population

POPULATION CONTROL
	Government regulation of growth, density and distribution of people through policy and programmes
BT	Population policy
NT	Population programmes
RT	Feminist critiques
	Fertility control

POPULATION DECREASE
	Reduction in the number of inhabitants in an area
BT	Population dynamics
RT	Family planning policy
	Fertility rate
	Mortality rate
	Population projection

POPULATION DYNAMICS
	Changes in population processes
BT	Demographic factors
NT	Ageing population
	Demographic surveys
	Fertility
	Migration
	Mortality
	Population decrease
	Population growth
	Population size
RT	population distributions

POPULATION EDUCATION
	An educational programme which  provides for a study of the population situation in the family, the community, nation and world  with the purpose of developing in the students rational and responsible attitudes and behaviour toward that situation
BT	Education

POPULATION GROWTH
 	Increase, over a specific period of time, in the number of individuals living in a country or region
BT	Population dynamics
RT	Population
	Population projection

POPULATION POLICY
	Decisions and actions by government bodies intended to guide and usually to determine present and future decisions influencing demographic variables
BT	Government policy
NT	Family planning policy
	Population control
RT	Critiques
	Fertility control
	Population
	Social policy

POPULATION PROGRAMMES
	Government and other sponsored and funded programmes for population control having social and economic goals broader than the provision of family planning services
BT	Population control
RT	Population
	Family planning programmes

POPULATION PROJECTION
	The results of extrapolating a particular past growth of a population into the future when all of the independent variables used are given in demographic terms
RT	Population decrease
	Population growth

POPULATION SIZE
	Number of persons inhabiting a particular region or area
BT	Population dynamics
NT	Optimum population
	Zero population growth
RT	Family size, ideal

POPULATION STATISTICS
	Vital statistics, migration statistics, and census and survey data
BT	Research methodology
NT	Census
	Fertility surveys
	Vital statistics

Population structure
see	POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS

POVERTY
	Situation in which the level of living is below standard of the community
BT	Social problems
RT	International development

PREGNANCY
	Condition of having a developing embryo or fetus in the body after the union of a spermatozoon and an ovum
BT	Reproductive health
NT	Pregnancy complications
RT	Abortion
	Adolescent pregnancy
	Amniocentesis
	Maternal health
	Maternal mortality

PREGNANCY, ABDOMINAL
	Ectopic pregnancy within the peritoneal cavity
BT	Pregnancy, ectopic

PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS
	Undesirable conditions following or existing  as a consequence of gestation
BT	Pregnancy
NT	Pregnancy, ectopic
RT	Chlamydia infections
	Maternal health

PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC
	Development of the fertilised ovum outside the cavity of the uterus
BT	Pregnancy complications
NT	Pregnancy, abdominal
	Pregnancy, ovarian
	Pregnancy, tubal

PREGNANCY, OVARIAN
	Implantation of the fertilised ovum in the substance of the ovary
BT	Pregnancy, ectopic

PREGNANCY, PLANNED
	Pregnancy that is planned by a couple or by either partner in advance of conception
BT	Reproductive behaviour

PREGNANCY, TUBAL
	Ectopic pregnancy within the uterine tube
BT	Pregnancy, ectopic

PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED
	Conception not consciously planned by a couple or either partner at the time of sexual intercourse or conception
BT	Reproductive behaviour

PREGNANCY, UNWANTED
	Conception consciously undesired at time of conception and later, by the couple or by either of the partners
BT	Reproductive behaviour

Pregnancy wastage
 see	ABORTION

PREMENSTRUAL TENSION
	Conditions occurring periodically in some individuals usually a week or ten days before menstruation; characterized by varying degrees of nervousness and irritability, emotional instability, headaches, and sometimes depression
BT	Menstruation disorders

PREVENTION AND CONTROL
	Used with diseases for increasing human or animal resistance against disease; for control of transmission agents; for prevention and control of social factors leading to disease.  Includes preventive measures in individual cases. Used as a secondary descriptor.

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
	Essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound, and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation  and  at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain
BT	Health care
	Health programmes
NT	Maternal-child health services
RT	Health education
	Health workers
	Nutrition programmes

PRINT MEDIA
BT	Mass media

PRIVATISATION
RT	Health policy
	Pharmaceuticals

PROCHOICE  MOVEMENT
	Groups favouring legally available induced abortion. May be used when the item being catalogued articulates a prochoice perspective.  Not restricted to items about the organised movement itself
BT	Abortion
RT	Antiabortion movement

PROGRAMME EVALUATION
Assessing the effectiveness of implementation of programmes

PROGRESS REPORTS
	Used for documents evaluating or reporting developments in ongoing projects or studies.  Normally used as a secondary descriptor

PROSPECTIVE STUDIES
	Studies that are planned to observe events that have not yet occurred
TT	Research methods
BT	Data collection
RT	Case study

PROSTITUTION
	The act or practice of engaging in sexual behaviours for payment
RT	Trafficking of women
 	Violence against women
	Sex workers

PSYCHIATRY
	The diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders
RT	Mental health
	Psychological health
	Psychology

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS
BT	Psychology

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
	Thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or other cognitive or affective characteristics of an individual which influence his/her behaviour
RT	Psychology
	Stress

PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH
RT	Alcohol consumption
	Mental health
	Psychiatry
	Women's health

PSYCHOLOGY
	The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behaviour in humans and animals. Peripheral subject area. May be used when  the item being catalogued deals with a psychological perspective.  Not restricted to items about the field of psychology
BT	Social sciences
RT	Psychiatry
	Psychological aspects
	Psychological factors

PUBERTY
	Stage of physical development at which it is first possible to reproduce

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
RT	Government
	Institutional framework

PUERTO RICO
BT	Latin and Central America

QATAR
BT	West and Central Asia

QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE
	Measure of the health service  or health care provided based on accepted standards of quality
RT	Health care
	Pharmaceuticals

QUESTIONNAIRES
	Used for documents containing questionnaires.  Normally used as a  secondary descriptor

RACIAL FACTORS
	Use primarily when the item being catalogued involves comparisons based on race, e.g. statistical information broken down by race
BT	Socioeconomic factors

RACISM
	Discrimination against people of colour on the basis of race.  Used when the item being catalogued is about racism, not necessarily when the cataloger detects a racist perspective in the text

RAPE
	Unlawful, criminal and forced sexual offense
BT	Crime
RT	Domestic violence
	Sexually abused child
	Trafficking of women
	Violence against women

REFUGEES

REGIONAL FACTORS
	Use primarily when the item being catalogued involves comparisons based on region, e.g. statistical information broken down by region
BT	Socioeconomic factors

REGIONAL GOVERNMENT
BT	Government

RELAXATION TECHNIQUES
BT	Alternative medicine
RT	Stress

RELIGION
	An institutionalized system of beliefs or principles  held to with ardor and faith.  Peripheral subject area.  May be used when the item being catalogued deals with a religious perspective.  Not restricted  to items about the field of religion itself.  Use specific religion where applicable
NT	Buddhism
	Catholics
	Christianity
	Confucianism
	Hinduism
	Islam
	Taoism
RT	Spirituality

RELIGIOUS ASPECTS
	Used to indicate the role of religion and ethical considerations and their effects on behaviour. Used as a secondary descriptor

REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR
	Actions which reflect the reproductive performance of a person or a group
BT	Fertility
 NT	Adolescent pregnancy
	Pregnancy, planned
	Pregnancy, unplanned
	Pregnancy, unwanted

REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
	A condition in which the reproductive process is accomplished in a state of complete  physical, mental and social well-being.  This implies that people have the ability to reproduce, that women can 
	go through pregnancy and child birth safely, and that reproduction is carried to a successful outcome, i.e. infants survive and grow up healthy. It implies further that people are able to regulate their fertility without risks to their health and that they are safe in having sex
BT	Women's health
NT	Abortion
	AIDS
	Contraception
	HIV infections
	Infertility
	Maternal health
	Menopause
	Menstruation
	Pregnancy
	Reproductive tract infections
	Sexuality
	STDs
RT	Gynaecology
	Reproductive rights
	Reproductive technology
	Urinary tract infections
	Violence against women

REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS
BT	Women's rights
RT	Human rights
	Reproductive health
	Reproductive technology

REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
RT	Reproductive health
	Reproductive rights

REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS
	Commonly known as RTIs include a variety of bacterial, viral and protozoal infections of the lower and upper reproductive tracts of both sexes, especially STDs.  Women can be infected not only from sexual intercourse, but also from the use of unclean menstrual cloths; insertion of leaves or other materials into the vagina to prevent pregnancy or induce abortion; unsafe childbirth or abortion techniques; and other harmful practices such as female circumcision
BT	Gynaecological disorders
	Reproductive health
RT	AIDS
	Cervical cancer
	Infertility
 	Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases
	STDs

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
BT	Technology
RT	Contraception research

RESEARCH METHODS
	The means by which data are collected, analysed, and presented for review
NT	Data collection
	Population statistics

RESEARCH PROPOSAL
	Used for documents that are proposed studies of a problem and how to pursue solutions; usually submitted for fund allocations. Use as a secondary descriptor

RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES
	Study in which data relating to past events are collected
TT	Research methodology
BT	Data collection
RT	Case study

RISK FACTORS
	Factors which increase susceptibility  to a condition, disease, or infection

RTIs
see	REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS

RU-486
	Mifepristone, progesterone antagonist with great affinity for progesterone receptors which interrupts early pregnancy and regulates the menstrual cycle
BT	Abortion

RURAL DEVELOPMENT
	Socioeconomic improvement of non urban areas
BT	Economic factors
NT	Agricultural development

RURAL POPULATION
	The inhabitants of rural areas or of small  towns classified as rural
BT	Population characteristics

RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION
	Migration from rural to urban areas, both internal and international; includes reverse migration
BT	Migration
RT	Migration, internal

SAUDI ARABIA
BT	West and Central Asia

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT
TT	Development
BT	Economic development
NT	Agricultural development

SEPARATION
	Process of union or marriage disruption
BT	Family
RT	Divorce
	Marriage

Serials
see	NEWSLETTERS, PERIODICALS, ETC.

SEX DISCRIMINATION
BT	Discrimination
RT	Gender and development
	Women's rights
	Women's status
	Work and women

SEX EDUCATION
	Instruction in all aspects of human reproduction and sexuality
BT	Education
RT	AIDS
	Aids education
	Health education
	Menarche
	Sexuality	

SEX FACTORS
	Used when sex is discussed as a factor in relation to some specific subject or problem, or it involves comparisons based on sex, e.g. statistical information broken down by sex
BT	Population characteristics
	Socioeconomic factors
RT	Age factors
	Gender

SEX ROLES
	Socially prescribed pattern of behaviour corresponding to an individual's sex
NT	Men's roles
	Women's roles
RT	Gender roles

Sex workers
see	PROSTITUTION

SEXUAL ABUSE
UF	Sexual Assault
BT	Abuse
	Violence
RT	Sexual disorders

SEXISM
	Discrimination against women on the basis of their sex.  Use when the item being catalogued  is about sexism, not necessarily when the cataloguer detects a sexist perspective in the text
RT	Feminism
	Gender
	Sexual harassment
	Women's rights
	Women's status

SEXUAL HARASSMENT
	Refers to the unwanted imposition of sexual requirements in the context of a relationship of unequal power
BT	Crime
RT	Domestic violence
	Rape
	Sexism
	Violence against women

SEXUALITY
	Sexual characteristics which come in a wide variety, mixed and matched  with various ideologies.  It includes sexual identity, orientation, preferences and systems.
BT	Adolescence
	Reproductive health
NT	Heterosexuality
	Homosexuality
	Lesbianism
RT	Sex education

SEXUALLY ABUSED CHILD
BT	Child abuse
RT	Abandoned child
	Rape
	Violence against women

Sexually transmitted diseases
see	STDs

SHELTERS
RT	Domestic violence

SIDE EFFECTS
	Used with drugs, chemicals, devices and techniques for unintended or undesirable reactions occurring in normal usage or application. Use as a secondary descriptor

SINGAPORE
TT	Asia
BT	Southeast Asia

SMOKING
	Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of tobacco or something similar
RT	Cancer
	Child health
	Maternal health
	Menopause
	Women's health

SOCIAL ASPECTS

SOCIAL CONDITIONS
RT	Economic conditions

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
	Growth or change resulting in increased life expectancy, higher educational attainment, better housing, lower birth rates and decreased mortality level
BT	Development
RT	Development policy
	Economic development
	Economic factors

SOCIAL PLANNING
	Interactional process combining investigation, discussion and agreement by a number of people in the preparation  and carrying out of a programme to ameliorate conditions of need or social pathology in the community
BT	Economic factors

SOCIAL POLICY
	A policy having to do with a range of social needs, includes policies that relate to health, education, housing, population, social insurance and national assistance
RT	Population policy

SOCIAL SCIENCES
	Sciences that deal with the social organization and functioning of human societies and with the behaviour of individuals as members of societies
NT	Anthropology
	Demography
	Economics
	Geography
	Political science
	Psychology
	Sociology

SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
	Social and economic variables that characterize an individual or group within the social structure; includes education, occupation.  It also involves comparisons based on various socioeconomic criteria, e.g. statistical information broken down by various factors
BT	Demographic  factors
NT	Age factors
	Education
	Employment status
	Income level
	Poverty
	Racial factors
	Regional factors
	Sex factors

SOCIOLOGY
	A social science dealing  with group relationships, patterns of collective behaviour and social organisation.  Peripheral subject area. May be used when the item being catalogued deals with a sociological perspective.  Not restricted to items about sociology itself
BT	Social sciences

 SOMALIA

South America
see	LATIN AND CENTRAL AMERICA

SOUTH ASIA
BT	Asia
NT	Afghanistan
	Bangladesh
	Bhutan
	India
	Maldives
	Nepal
	Pakistan
	Sri Lanka

SOUTHEAST ASIA
BT	Asia
NT	Brunei Darussalam
	Indonesia
	Malaysia
	Myanmar
	Philippines
	Singapore
	Thailand

SOUTH KOREA
TT	Asia
BT	East Asia

SPERMICIDAL PRODUCTS
	Chemical agents that inactivate the sperm in the vagina before  they can move into the upper genital tract
TT	Contraceptive methods
BT	Barrier methods
NT	Vaginal spermicides
	Vaginal sponge

SPIRITUALITY
NT	Indigenous faiths
RT	Religion

SPORT
UF	Athletics
RT	Exercise
	Sport injuries
	Sport medicine

SRI LANKA
TT 	Asia
BT	South Asia

STANDARD OF LIVING
	The economic necessities, comforts, and luxuries enjoyed or aspired to by an individual or group
BT	Economic factors

STATISTICS
RT		Indicators	

Status of women
see	WOMEN'S STATUS

STDs
	Sexually transmitted diseases.  Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. 
BT	Gynaecological disorders
	Reproductive health
NT	Chlamydia infections
	Gonorrhea
	Herpes
	Syphilis
RT	AIDS
	Cervical cancer
	HIV infections
	Infertility
	Reproductive tract infections

STERILIZATION
	A procedure by which an individual  is made incapable of reproduction
BT	Contraception
NT	Female sterilization
	Male sterilization
	Tubectomy, tubal ligation
RT	Surgical methods

STREET CHILDREN
RT	Adolescence

STRESS
	Psychosocial  pressures or tension- producing factors in the environment to which the individual attempts to make a homeostatic adjustment
BT	Mental health
RT	Psychological factors
	Relaxation techniques

STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT
	Government action directed towards altering the structure  of the  economy
RT	International development

SUICIDE
BT	Deaths
RT	Social problems

SURGICAL METHODS
TT	Contraception
BT	Contraceptive methods
NT	Tubectomy, tubal ligation
	Vasectomy
RT	Barrier methods
	Sterilization

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

 SYMPTO-THERMAL METHOD
	A  family  planning method combining various techniques for identifying the fertile period, especially cervical mucus changes and/or calendar calculations to estimate the onset of the fertile period, and mucus changes or basal body temperature to estimate its end
TT	Periodic sexual abstinence
BT	Fertility awareness
	Natural family planning

SYPHILIS
	A sexually transmitted disease caused by a small spiral-shaped bacterium called a "spirochete", progressing from infection via open sores or rashes containing bacteria which can penetrate the mucous membranes of the genitals, mouth and anus as well as broken skin or other parts of the body
BT	STDs

SYRIA
BT	West and Central Asia

TABOO
	Strong social norm prohibiting certain actions that are punishable by the group or community. The basis for prohibition is generally religious, magical or superstitious
BT	Culture

TAIWAN
TT	Asia
BT	East Asia

TAOISM
BT	Religion

TECHNOLOGY
	The application of science to achieve industrial or commercial objectives
BT	Economic factors
NT	Research and development

Teenager
see	ADOLESCENCE

THAILAND
TT	Asia
BT	Southeast Asia

TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS
BT	Health workers
RT	Midwives
	Nurses
	Obstetricians
	Child birth

TRADITIONAL MEDIA
BT	Mass media

TRADITIONAL METHODS
BT	Contraceptive methods
NT	Coitus interruptus
	Periodic sexual abstinence
RT	Barrier methods

TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN
BT	Crime
RT	Prostitution
	Rape
	Violence against women

TRAINING IN ADVOCACY

TRAINING PROGRAMMES
	Programmes aimed at the acquisition of defined skills
BT	Education
RT	Health workers

TREATMENT
	Management and care of a patient or the combating of a disease or disorder. Use as a secondary descriptor

TUBECTOMY, TUBAL LIGATION
	Tying the fallopian tubes to prevent passage of  sperm and ova
TT	Contraceptive methods
BT	Sterilisation
	Surgical methods
NT	Female sterilisation

UGANDA
BT	Africa

U.N.
see	UNITED NATIONS

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
BT	West and Central Asia

United Arab Republic
see 	EGYPT

UNITED KINGDOM

UNITED NATIONS
RT	Aid
	Funders

UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA
BT	North America

URBAN POPULATION
	The inhabitants  of a city or town, including metropolitan and suburban areas
BT	Population characteristics
RT	Urbanisation

URBANISATION
	Growth in  the  proportion of persons living in urban areas; the process whereby a society changes from a rural  to an urban way of life
RT	Environmental pollution
	Population
	Urban population

URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
RT	Gynaecological disorders
	Reproductive health

URUGUAY
BT	Latin and Central America

Uterine cancer
see	Endometrial cancer

VACCINES
	A preparation that is administered to produce or artificially increase immunity to a particular disease in all conditions
NT	Contraceptive vaccines

VAGINAL CANCER
	A malignant, cellular tumour of the vagina
BT	Cancer

VAGINAL CREAM
	An emulsified preparation containing a spermicide inserted in the vagina
TT	Spermicidal products
BT	Vaginal spermicides

VAGINAL FOAM
	A  stabilised  froth  containing a spermicide in an inert base which is combined with aerosol  foam and inserted with an applicator into the vagina
TT	Spermicidal products
BT	Vaginal spermicides

VAGINAL JELLY
	A preparation with  a soft somewhat elastic consistency containing a spermicide inserted in the vagina
TT	Spermicidal products
BT	Vaginal spermicides

Vaginal shield
see 	FEMALE CONDOMS

VAGINAL SPERMICIDES
	Chemical substances able to kill sperm
TT	Barrier methods
BT	Spermicidal products
NT	Vaginal cream
	Vaginal foam
	Vaginal jelly
	Vaginal suppository
	Vaginal tablets

VAGINAL SPONGE
	A sponge, which may contain a spermicide, covering the cervix to prevent conception
TT	Barrier methods
BT	Spermicidal products

VAGINAL SUPPOSITORY
	A  small mass, solid at ordinary temperatures but melting at body temperature, containing a spermicide inserted in the vagina
TT	Spermicidal products
BT	Vaginal spermicides

VAGINAL TABLET
	A small mass of material containing a spermicide inserted in the vagina
TT	Spermicidal products
BT	Vaginal spermicides

VASECTOMY
	Excision of a segment of the vas deferens
TT	Contraceptive methods
BT	Male sterilisation
	Surgical methods
RT	Male contraception

VDT USE
TT	Occupational health
BT	Pesticides
RT	Health hazards

VENEZUELA
BT	Latin and Central America

VIETNAM
TT	Asia
BT	Indo-China

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
	Any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual  or  psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts,  coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty whether occurring in public or private life
BT	Crime
NT	Domestic violence
RT	Child abuse
	Homicide
	Prostitution
	Rape
	Reproductive health
	Sexual harassment
 	Sexually abused child
	Trafficking of women
	Wife and partner battering
	Women's health

VITAL STATISTICS
	Registration statistics of demographic events, such as births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and abortions. Does not include migration statistics
TT	Research methodology
BT	Population statistics

WAR AND CONFLICT

WEST AND CENTRAL ASIA
BT	Asia
NT	Afghanistan
	Bahrain
	Iran
	Iraq
	Jordan
	Kuwait
	Lebanon
	Oman
	Palestine
	Qatar
	Saudi Arabia
	Syria
	United Arab Emirates
	Yemen

WIFE AND PARTNER BATTERING
	The violent victimisation of women by husbands or men with whom they share a marriage-like relationship
BT	Domestic violence
RT	Violence against women

WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT
	The roles and problems of women in developing countries related to their participation in economic and social development activities
BT	Development
NT	Women in development theories
RT	Women in development plans
	Women in development policy
	Women in development programmes
	Women's status

WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT PLANS
BT	Development plans
RT	Women and development

WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT POLICY
BT	Government policy
	Policy
RT	Women and development
	Women's status

WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES
BT	Government programmes
	Non-government programmes
RT	Women and development

WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT THEORIES
BT	Development theories
	Women and development
RT	Feminist theories

WOMEN AND ISLAM
BT 	Islam

WOMEN AND POLITICS

WOMEN MIGRANT WORKERS
	Mobile, short-term residents who usually move to find work
BT	Labour force
RT	Migrants
	Occupational health
	Women workers

WOMEN WORKERS
	Women who work outside  the home and getting paid for it
BT	Economic development
	Labour force
RT	Women migrant workers
	Women's roles
	Women's status
	Work and women

WOMEN'S HEALTH
BT	Health
NT	Reproductive health
	Women's health movement
RT	Alcohol consumption
	Occupational health
	Psychological health
	Smoking
	Sport
	Violence against women

WOMEN'S HEALTH MOVEMENT
	Composed of individuals and groups who are  working to improve women's and infants' health care, women's reproductive health and power of women health workers
BT	Women's health
RT	Women's movements and      	organisations

WOMEN’S HEALTH STATUS

WOMEN’S HEALTH RESEARCH

WOMEN’S NETWORKS

WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS
AND ORGANISATIONS
	(Women's struggle for equality) - women's movements that is led and directed by  women for the good of women, and for the benefit of all humanity
RT	Feminist movements
	Non-governmental organisations
	Women's health movement

WOMEN’S REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS

WOMEN'S RIGHTS
BT	Human rights
NT	Reproductive rights
RT	Equal rights
	Feminism
	Gender
	Sex discrimination
	Sexism

WOMEN'S ROLES
	Expected and characteristics pattern of behaviour exhibited by women
BT	Gender roles
	Sex roles
RT	Women workers
	Women's status

WOMEN'S STATUS
	The  position of women in the labour force, in society and in the family
BT	Socioeconomic factors
RT	Feminism
	Gender
	Gender and development
	Sex discrimination
	Sexism
	Women and development
	Women and development policy
	Women workers
	Women's roles

WOMEN STUDIES

WORK AND WOMEN
RT	Credit scheme
	Maternity leave
	Sex discrimination
	Women workers

Working women
see	WOMEN WORKERS	or
	WORK AND WOMEN

WORLD FERTILITY SURVEYS
	A series  of nationally representative surveys with the primary focus of collecting fertility data
BT	Fertility surveys

YEMEN
BT	West and Central Asia

Youth
see 	ADOLESCENCE

 ZERO POPULATION GROWTH
	Maintenance of present population size
BT	Population size